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[hal-04000204] Impact of miscanthus lignin and arabinoxylan on Portland cement
Miscanthus biomass can be used to produce lightweight concrete. However, cell wall polymers leached in the alkaline cementitious medium can disturb cement setting. This is the case for grass lignin and grass arabinoxylan due to their specific alkali solubility. The main objective of this paper was to study the impact of lignin and of arabinoxylan from miscanthus biomass on the hydration of Portland cement and by electrical conductivity. To this end, dioxan lignin (DL) and arabinoxylan (AX) were extracted from miscanthus by methods preserving the main structural specificities of the native polymers. These DL and AX fractions were added to Portland cement (1-5% w/w in cement) and their impact on the electrical conductivity of cement/water mixtures was time-monitored. The novelty of this study lies in using polymers structurally similar to those of miscanthus fibers rather than commercially available ones, such as kraft lignin (KL). The addition of DL or of KL to cement/water mixture differently affected the electrical conductivity, which is most likely assignable to the severe structural degradation of KL during kraft process. The conductivity curves suggested that cement hydration was substantially delayed when DL % in cement was 3% or more while lower values had no impact. The results support the hypothesis that the access of water to cement grains was impeded by the adsorption of ionized lignin entities at their surface. When co-added to the cement (1.6 wt% each), the DL and AX fraction delayed cement hydration more substantially than when the same amounts were separately added. This unexpected synergy suggests that the miscanthus lignin and arabinoxylan polymers form lignin-carbohydrate complexes efficiently adsorbed on cement grains.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jordi Girones) 22 Feb 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04000204v1
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[hal-05151253] Using phenomic selection to predict hybrid values with NIR spectra measured on the parental lines: proof of concept on maize
Key message Phenomic selection based on parental spectra can be used to predict GCA and SCA in a sparse factorial design. Abstract Prediction approaches such as genomic selection can be game changers in hybrid breeding. They allow predicting the genetic values of hybrids without the need for their physical production. This leads to significant reductions in breeding cycle length, and so to the increase in genetic progress. However, these methods are often underutilized in breeding programs due to the substantial cost involved in genotyping thousands of candidate parental lines annually. To address this limitation, we propose a cost-effective alternative based on phenomic selection, where genotyping of parental lines is replaced by NIR spectroscopy. Standard prediction models are then applied for genomic and phenomic selection, using similarity matrices derived from either genotyping data (genomic selection) or NIR spectral data (phenomic selection). Our hypothesis is that the chemical composition of parental tissues captured by NIRS reflects the genetic similarity between parental lines. We evaluated both strategies using a sparse factorial design, whose hybrids have been phenotyped in a multi-environment trial network, and with NIR spectra acquired on the parental lines on two independent environments. Both genomic and phenomic prediction approaches demonstrated moderate-to-high predictive abilities across various cross-validation scenarios. Our results also showcase the capability of phenomic selection to predict Mendelian sampling. This study serves as a proof of concept that low-cost high-throughput phenomics of parental lines can effectively be used to predict maize hybrids in independent trials. This paves the way for widespread adoption of prediction approaches at the very first stages of hybrid breeding, benefiting both major and orphan species.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Renaud Rincent) 08 Jul 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05151253v1
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[hal-04786067] Pesticide-free agriculture: is a third way possible aside organic agriculture and conventional agriculture?
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Diana Ortiz-Vallejo) 15 Nov 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04786067v1
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[hal-04708036] Evaluation multi-environnementale de blé tendre « exotique » -prédictions génomiques GxE et génétique d'association
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Justin Blancon) 24 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04708036v1
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[hal-04707460] Validation of cross progeny variance genomic prediction using simulations and experimental data in winter elite bread wheat.
Genomic prediction is used in many crop breeding programs to select parental lines to ensure high performance of their progeny. Taking into account progeny variance estimates on top of parental mean is expected to increase the probability to get outstanding progenies. Several Cross Selection Criteria have been proposed and the Usefulness Criterion (UC) that accounts for Parental Mean (PM) and progeny Standard Deviation (SD) has been shown as a good compromise to secure genetic gain as well as genetic diversity in the next generation using simulation studies. In this study, we predicted the three cross value components (PM, SD and UC) of 73 winter bread wheat crosses whom progenies have been evaluated in the field. The Training Population (TP) used to estimate marker effects was composed of 2,146 French varieties registered between 2000 and 2021 and INRAE-AO breeding lines. We first evaluated different factors influencing the prediction ability of the cross value components based on simulations, starting from the same crosses as the experimental design, simulating phenotypes with increasing heritability, number of QTLs and progeny size. As expected, increasing the number of QTL decreased the prediction ability for all cross value components, and increasing heritability or increasing progeny size improved prediction abili ties. The prediction of SD was the most impacted. We used as a reference a TRUE scenario, i.e. an optimal situation where TP is optimal and where marker effects are perfectly estimat ed. Once again, SD was strongly impacted by the quality of marker effect estimates. For poly genic traits (10 QTL), Bayesian models showed higher prediction ability. For quantitative traits (more than 300 QTL) with low heritability, using a progeny variance estimate that takes into account the error of marker effect estimates improved significantly SD prediction ability. We validated our findings using experimental data for four traits evaluated on the same crosses: yield, grain protein content, plant height and heading date. Prediction abilities were assessed for each cross value component, and overall, predictions aligned well with experi mental values. PM and UC were reasonably predicted for most traits, while SD was more challenging, especially for yield. To our knowledge, this study is the first to experimentally validate the genomic prediction of progeny cross variance and showed that prediction abili ties strongly depend on trait architecture. This study also revealed that it is essential to gener ate a very large number of progenies per cross to obtain reasonable prediction abilities of SD.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Claire Oget-Ebrad) 24 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04707460v1
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[hal-04721273] Validation of cross progeny variance genomic prediction using simulations and experimental data in winter elite bread wheat
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Claire Oget-Ebrad) 04 Oct 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04721273v1
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[hal-04712254] ExIGE : Évaluation multi-environnementale de blé tendre « exotique »prédictions génomiques GxE et génétique d'association-projet FSOV 2018 P
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Justin Blancon) 27 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04712254v1
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[hal-04707010] Validation of cross-progeny variance genomic prediction using simulations and experimental data in winter elite bread wheat
Key message From simulations and experimental data, the quality of cross progeny variance genomic predictions may be high, but depends on trait architecture and necessitates sufficient number of progenies. Abstract Genomic predictions are used to select genitors and crosses in plant breeding. The usefulness criterion (UC) is a cross-selection criterion that necessitates the estimation of parental mean (PM) and progeny standard deviation (SD). This study evaluates the parameters that affect the predictive ability of UC and its two components using simulations. Predictive ability increased with heritability and progeny size and decreased with QTL number, most notably for SD. Comparing scenarios where marker effects were known or estimated using prediction models, SD was strongly impacted by the quality of marker effect estimates. We proposed a new algebraic formula for SD estimation that takes into account the uncertainty of the estimation of marker effects. It improved predictions when the number of QTL was superior to 300, especially when heritability was low. We also compared estimated and observed UC using experimental data for heading date, plant height, grain protein content and yield. PM and UC estimates were significantly correlated for all traits (PM: 0.38, 0.63, 0.51 and 0.91; UC: 0.45, 0.52, 0.54 and 0.74; for yield, grain protein content, plant height and heading date, respectively), while SD was correlated only for heading date and plant height (0.64 and 0.49, respectively). According to simulations, SD estimations in the field would necessitate large progenies. This pioneering study experimentally validates genomic prediction of UC but the predictive ability depends on trait architecture and precision of marker effect estimates. We advise the breeders to adjust progeny size to realize the SD potential of a cross..
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Claire Oget-Ebrad) 24 Sep 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04707010v1
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[hal-04057470] Combining a multi-environment trial and a diagnosis method to assess potential yield and main limiting factors of three highly different pea types
The evaluation of varieties of cultivated species is based on the implementation of multi-environmental trials thatshow high performances or strong limitations in some environments. To know the cause of these limitations, andto reason the adaptation of varieties to different environments, we propose a combined approach between theclassical analysis of experimental results and a diagnostic approach using the DiagVar tool, which allows toassess the impact of limiting factors in each trial, the potential yield and the sensitivity of cultivars to thosefactors. This procedure is applied in a large and diversified field trial network including eight locations and threeyears to the comparison of two to four cultivars of the three agronomical pea types: spring peas, hr-winter peas(non-reactive to photoperiod) and Hr-winter peas (reactive to photoperiod).Estimates of potential yields from DiagVar for the three pea types were consistent with the experimental results, with higher values for hr-winter cultivars than for spring and Hr-winter ones. We shed light on specificlimiting factors for each type, some of them being rarely quantified previously, which allows us to better targetspecific regions or environments for each pea type. Thus, spring types were more impacted by early limitingfactors (loss of plants, low temperatures and radiation, lack of water, leading to reduced growth) and end-ofcycle stresses (high temperatures, water stress). Diseases had higher impacts on both winter types. Here weshow for the first time that the lack of solar radiation affected particularly hr-winter type and the low cropnitrogen status affected more frequently spring peas. These results highlight the interest of carrying out anagronomic diagnosis in the analysis of varietal multi-environment trials, revealing the most important limitingfactors to take into account while breeding new pea cultivars, particularly limiting factors that are difficult todirectly observe. This method proves to be reliable and informative for breeders, technicians and agriculturaladvisors to discuss the adaptation of varieties to specific environment.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christophe Lecomte) 09 Jul 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04057470v1
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[hal-03103076] Polysaccharides and phenolics of miscanthus belowground cell walls and their influence on polyethylene composites
Belowground materials from two miscanthus species were ground into fragments for preparing polyethylene composites. Both species show a lot of similarities in terms of polysaccharides, lignin and cell wall-linked p-coumaric and ferulic acids contents. The structures of polysaccharides and of lignins are markedly different in the miscanthus belowground and aboveground biomass. The non-cellulosic fraction of the samples comprises a high level of xylose, with the arabinose to xylose ratio about twice as high as that observed for analogous stem samples, suggesting that belowground arabinoxylans are more substituted than stem ones. The mechanical properties of the belowground miscanthus-polyethylene composites correlate with several of their compositional traits, with similar trends as for plant stem-polyethylene composites with positive correlations for lignin and p-coumaric acid contents and negative correlations for most non-cellulosic sugars.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Erika Di Giuseppe) 07 Jan 2021
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-03103076v1
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[hal-03671280] PeaMUST (Pea MultiStress Tolerance), a multidisciplinary French project uniting researchers, plant breeders, and the food industry
The French government has supported as part of its "Investments for the Future" program a 9-year research project, PeaMUST, devoted to pea and to a lesser extent, faba bean improvement. Focusing on the main causes of yield irregularity that limit pea and faba bean cultivation, an integrated approach, including molecular exploitation of the pea genome sequence, was applied to identify and incorporate favorable alleles and allele combinations in prebreeding material.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Judith Burstin) 18 May 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03671280v1
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[hal-03270992] Genome-wide association study identifies favorable SNP alleles and candidate genes for frost tolerance in pea
Frost is a limiting abiotic stress for the winter pea crop (Pisum sativum L.) and identifying the genetic determinants of frost tolerance is a major issue to breed varieties for cold northern areas. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have previously been detected from bi-parental mapping populations, giving an overview of the genome regions governing this trait. The recent development of high-throughput genotyping tools for pea brings the opportunity to undertake genetic association studies in order to capture a higher allelic diversity within large collections of genetic resources as well as to refine the localization of the causal polymorphisms thanks to the high marker density. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a set of 365 pea accessions. Phenotyping was carried out by scoring frost damages in the field and in controlled conditions. The association mapping collection was also genotyped using an Illumina Infinium® BeadChip, which allowed to collect data for 11,366 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sana Beji) 23 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03270992v1
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[hal-02623434] Methane Production Variability According to Miscanthus Genotype and Alkaline Pretreatments at High Solid Content
In the context of increasing needs of lignocellulosic biomass for emerging biorefinery, miscanthus is expected to represent a resource for energy production. Regarding biogas production, its potential may be improved either by genotype selection or pretreatment. Eight different miscanthus genotypes belonging to Miscanthus x giganteus (FLO, GID and H8), M. sacchariflorus (GOL, MAL, AUG, H6) and M. sinensis (H5) species were first compared for biomass composition and potential methane. In a second time, alkali pretreatments (NaOH 10g100g(TS)(-1), CaO 10g100g(TS)(-1)) were applied at ambient temperature and high solid content, in different conditions of duration and particle size on the genotype FLO presenting the lowest methane potential. The methane potential varied between miscanthus genotypes with values ranging from 166 +/- 10 to 202 +/- 7NmL(CH4)g(VS)(-1). All of the studied pretreatments increased the methane production up to 55% and reduced Klason lignin and holocellulose contents up to 37%. From this study, NaOH was more efficient than CaO with an increase of the methane production between 24 and 55% and between 19 and 30%, respectively.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hélène Laurence Thomas) 26 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02623434v1
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[hal-01497303] Influence of the radial stem composition on the thermal behaviour of miscanthus and sorghum genotypes
The hypothesis made is that thermal resistance of sorghum and miscanthus stem pieces taken at well-defined positions of the stem is simply related to their biochemical composition. For miscanthus, two different genotypes and two internode levels were selected. For each region, the stem was divided into three radial layers. For sorghum, two different genotypes were selected and the stem was divided into the same three radial layers. The results show that the thermal analysis is only sensitive to very large variations of compositions. But aside of such large composition differences, it is impossible to correlate thermal effects to biochemical composition even on very small size, well-identified pieces of plant materials. The interplay between sugar-based components, lignin and minerals is totally blurring the thermal response. Extreme care must be exercised when willing to explain why a given plant material has a thermal behaviour different of another plant material.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucie Chupin) 28 Mar 2017
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-01497303v1
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[hal-05041858] Bottom and Top Internodes Subjected to Interactions with Genotype in Miscanthus: Impact of Biochemical Composition and Anatomy on Stem-Based Composites Mechanical Properties
Miscanthus (Miscanthus Andersson) is a perennial grass for which biomaterials market has taken growing interest. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of stem internode position in Miscanthus × giganteus and Miscanthus sinensis and the impact of its anatomy and biochemical composition on internode-based composites' mechanical properties. Stems' bottom and top internodes were sampled for two genotypes of each species in two different years and separately added to a polypropylene matrix, and the mechanical properties of the internode-reinforced composites were measured. Before composite production, the internodes were extensively phenotyped for biochemical composition and anatomy. Stems' bottom and top internode-based composites yielded different modulus (3203 and 2988 MPa, respectively), while tensile strength was similar (36.4 and 36.5 MPa, respectively). Significant genotype × internode interactions occurred for most variables, mainly due to differences among species, since both Miscanthus sinensis clones proved to be more stable than both Miscanthus × giganteus clones for modulus (4% and 10.2%, respectively). Regarding tensile strength, the species showed small but opposite differences between internodes. Tensile strength and modulus were rather close only in the top internodes, where good mechanical properties were associated with the lowest values of vascular bundles number and section area and highest parenchyma tissue, while opposite results were obtained in the bottom ones, only for tensile strength. Miscanthus sinensis species proved to be interesting for the stability improvement of composite mechanical properties. It appears essential for experimental purposes to stratify the sampling by internode in order to be representative of the whole stem.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel) 22 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05041858v1
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[hal-02921257] Thermal and dynamic mechanical characterization of miscanthus stem fragments: Effects of genotypes, positions along the stem and their relation with biochemical and structural characteristics
The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of miscanthus stem fragments and differences between genotypes and positions along the stem are studied in relation with their biochemical and structural characteristics. The starting degradation temperature does not correlate to the biochemical composition. However, the first DTG peak temperature is negatively correlated to hemicelluloses content and positively correlated to lignin and p-coumaric contents. A pronounced genotypic effect is evidenced on fragments elastic moduli while limited effect of the position along the stem is found. This is mostly related to ferulic and p-coumaric acid contents of stem fragments for which a strong correlation to elastic moduli is evidenced. Our results highlight that genotypic effect, position along the stem, stem fragment dimensions and mechanical properties of miscanthus stem fragments are strongly interconnected in relation with their respective biochemical and structural characteristics. This opens interesting perspectives for identifying key biological traits that need to be optimized for a better selection of performing miscanthus genotypes targeted to polymer composite applications.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucie Chupin) 01 Sep 2020
https://imt-mines-ales.hal.science/hal-02921257v1
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[hal-02801880] Gérer les adventices sans herbicides
systèmes de culture innovants minimisant le recours aux pesticides, en combinant des leviers agronomiques et en valorisant les régulations biologiques, en grande culture et polyculture-élevage. Il a vu le jour en 2012 et regroupe 8 dispositifs expérimentaux (INRA et lycée agricole d’Auzeville) dans lesquels sont testés des systèmes de culture ayant en commun de ne pas recourir aux pesticides. Ses objectifs sont de : - concevoir et expérimenter des systèmes de culture sans pesticide dans différentes situations de production ; d’en évaluer les performances agronomiques, économiques, environnementales et sociales ; - analyser l’effet de ces systèmes sur l’évolution des communautés, notamment les bioagresseurs, et les régulations biologiques. Outre l’interdiction du recours aux pesticides, les systèmes testés doivent chercher à maximiser une production respectueuse des exigences des filières locales (les cultures de vente représentatives de la région doivent être maintenues et les critères de qualité des productions sont recherchés) et à maintenir le revenu de l’agriculteur. Les successions de cultures sont donc différentes selon les sites. Les systèmes de culture sont construits selon les principes de la protection intégrée en combinant des techniques alternatives, éprouvées ou suggérées par la bibliographie et les connaissances actuelles sur les bioagresseurs, en vue de réduire les risques de développement des bioagresseurs et de favoriser la mise en place de régulations biologiques. Bien qu’ils aient été conçus indépendamment les uns des autres, les systèmes de culture Rés0Pest utilisent des techniques communes pour la lutte contre les adventices, certaines étant raisonnées au niveau de la rotation (allongement de la rotation, diversification des cultures et des périodes de semis, alternance labour/non-labour, implantation de CIPAN, …), d’autres au niveau de l’itinéraire technique de chaque culture (faux-semis, désherbage mécanique, date et densité de semis…). Malgré son positionnement « zéro pesticide » très en rupture avec l’agriculture conventionnelle, Rés0Pest se distingue de l’Agriculture Biologique par l’alimentation azotée des cultures. En effet, la fertilisation minérale chimique est utilisée pour viser un rendement plus élevé, ce qui n'est pas sans conséquence sur le développement des adventives et des autres bioagresseurs. Rés0Pest permet donc d’obtenir des références originales intéressantes tant pour l’agriculture dite conventionnelle que pour l’Agriculture Biologique. Un tronc commun de mesures et d’observations a été mis en place sur le réseau dans le but de conduire un diagnostic agronomique et en particulier de suivre l’évolution de la flore adventice. Les trois premières campagnes expérimentales ont déjà permis de tirer des premiers enseignements sur la faisabilité et la maitrise de certaines combinaisons de techniques. Les expérimentations seront maintenues à minima pour les 3 prochaines campagnes culturales de manière à rendre possible l’étude des effets cumulatifs sur le long terme, en particulier sur la flore adventice.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antoine Savoie) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02801880v1
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[hal-02793860] Transfer of a miniaturized method for high-throughput screeninig of biomass pretreatment and saccharification and application on poplar and miscanthus clones
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nassim Belmokhtar) 05 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02793860v1
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[hal-05034220] Reducing the use of plant protection products and greenhouse gas emissions in arable farming systems in northern France (System-Eco+)
Crop protection and nitrogen fertilizers uses are the mainstays of large-scale cereal and industrial cropping systems in northern France. Biological and climatic effects call to design and evaluate cropping systems that cut the use of plant protection products by implementing counterbalancing agronomic levers aiming to maintain yields. An experimental set-up composed of 7 cropping systems located at the Estrées-Mons agronomic station (France) was monitored from 2018 to 2024. The experiment combined decrease in the use of plant protection products while improving the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance by reducing synthetic fertilization. The introduction of cropping systems designed to reduce the use of pesticides made it possible to achieve treatment frequency index (TFI) reductions of 70 to 100% without significantly affecting yields and while ensuring weed control. This also resulted in a significant reduction in fungicide and herbicide residues in the soil. The levers used to reduce the use of plant protection products have a neutral effect on greenhouse gas emissions, or even a favourable effect when leguminous crops are introduced into the succession to provide soil cover and balance the nitrogen balance.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Célestin Valentin) 15 Apr 2025
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-05034220v1
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[hal-04799829] Identification of metabolic and protein markers representative of the impact of mild nitrogen deficit on agronomic performance of maize hybrids
IntroductionA better understanding of the physiological response of silage maize to a mild reduction in nitrogen (N) fertilization and the identification of predictive biochemical markers of N utilization efficiency could contribute to limit the detrimental effect of the overuse of N inputs.ObjectivesWe integrated phenotypic and biochemical data to interpret the physiology of maize in response to a mild reduction in N fertilization under agronomic conditions and identify predictive leaf metabolic and proteic markers that could be used to pilot and rationalize N fertilization.MethodsEco-physiological, developmental and yield-related traits were measured and complemented with metabolomic and proteomic approaches performed on young leaves of a core panel of 29 European genetically diverse dent hybrids cultivated in the field under non-limiting and reduced N fertilization conditions.ResultsMetabolome and proteome data were analyzed either individually or in an integrated manner together with eco-physiological, developmental, phenotypic and yield-related traits. They allowed to identify (i) common N-responsive metabolites and proteins that could be used as predictive markers to monitor N fertilization, (ii) silage maize hybrids that exhibit improved agronomic performance when N fertilization is reduced.ConclusionsAmong the N-responsive metabolites and proteins identified, a cytosolic NADP-dependent malic enzyme and four metabolite signatures stand out as promising markers that could be used for both breeding and agronomic purposes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maria Urrutia) 24 Dec 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04799829v1
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[hal-04816605] Réduction d'usage des phytosanitaires et émissions de gaz à effet de serre en systèmes de grande culture du Nord de la France (System-Eco+)
En contexte de grandes cultures céréalières et industrielles du nord de la France, 7 systèmes de culture mis en place sur la station agronomique d'Estrées-Mons (80) ont été suivis de 2018 à 2024 afin d'évaluer un gradient de réduction de la protection phytosanitaire via le recours à des leviers agronomiques compensateurs. L'expérimentation mise en place propose une approche transversale combinant la réduction de l'usage des produits phytosanitaires et l'amélioration du bilan des gaz à effet de serre (GES), notamment par la réduction de la fertilisation azotée. Les systèmes de culture conçus pour réduire l'usage des pesticides ont permis de réduire l'indicateur de fréquence de traitement (IFT) de 70 à 100% sans nuire de façon significative aux rendements tout en assurant la maîtrise des adventices. Une réduction des résidus de fongicides et herbicides dans les sols a aussi été mesurée. Les leviers mobilisés pour réduire l'usage des produits phytosanitaires ont un effet neutre sur les émissions de GES, voire favorable lorsque des légumineuses ayant pour objectifs la couverture du sol et l'équilibrage du bilan azoté sont introduites dans la succession.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Célestin Valentin) 03 Dec 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04816605v1
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[hal-03686646] The maize low-lignin $brown\ midrib3$ mutant shows pleiotropic effects on photosynthetic and cell wall metabolisms in response to chilling
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major cereal crops in the world and is highly sensitive to low temperature. Here, changes in photosynthetic and cell wall metabolisms were investigated during a long chilling exposure in inbred line F2 and a low-lignin near-isogenic brown midrib3 mutant (F2bm3), which has a mutation in the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. Results revealed that the plant biomass was reduced, and this was more pronounced in F2bm3. Photosynthesis was altered in both lines with distinct changes in photosynthetic pigment content between F2bm3 and F2, indicating an alternative photoprotection mechanism between lines under chilling. Starch remobilization was observed in F2bm3 while concentrations of sucrose, fructose and starch increased in F2, suggesting a reduced sugar partitioning in F2. The cell wall was altered upon chilling, resulting in changes in the composition of glucuronorabinoxylan and a reduced cellulose level in F2. Chilling shifted lignin subunit composition in F2bm3 mutant to a higher proportion of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units, whereas it resulted in lignin with a higher proportion of syringyl (S) residues in F2. On average, the total cell wall ferulic acid (FA) content increased in both genotypes, with an increase in ether-linked FA in F2bm3, suggesting a greater degree of cross-linking to lignin. The reinforcement of the cell wall with lignin enriched in H-units and a higher concentration in cell-wall-bound FA observed in F2bm3 as a response to chilling, could be a strategy to protect the photosystems.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Catalina Duran Garzon) 22 Jul 2024
https://u-picardie.hal.science/hal-03686646v1
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[hal-03766074] One-step preparation procedure, mechanical properties and environmental performances of miscanthus-based concrete blocks
Concrete blocks prepared with Portland cement and miscanthus-based aggregates were prepared in order to check if the miscanthus genotype may influence their mechanical properties and to perform an environmental assessment. To produce lightweight, load-bearing concrete blocks using miscanthus stem fragments as aggregates in a single mixing method turned out to be impossible, although trying to optimize the concrete formulation. The results show that genotypes and size of miscanthus fragments controlled the mechanical properties of the final blocks. The lower was the amount of light elements such as leaves and sheath, the better were the mechanical properties of the blocks. When comparing genotypes with the same leaf/stem ratio, it was not possible to see a correlation between the biochemical composition of the stem and the compressive strength of the blocks. A probable explanation is the small variation of biochemical composition between genotypes. Using life cycle analysis tools, miscanthus block were not found to be competitive with conventional alternatives (concrete block and lightweight pumice block) when trying to increase compressive strength above 3 MPa. However, compared to non-load bearing alternatives (light clay brick), blocks integrating miscanthus had a better global environmental performance mainly due to a favorable climate change impact. The present work also points out the risk of decreasing the environmental performances when cultivating the crop on land in competition with food, because of the impacts of indirect consequences of Land Use Change.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Colin Jury) 22 Jul 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766074v1
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[hal-04555928] Développement d’équations de prédiction NIRs pour estimer la composition et la dégradabilité pariétales chez différentes graminées
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Yves Griveau) 23 Apr 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04555928v1
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[hal-04454441] The maize low-lignin mutant F2bm3 shows pleiotropic effects on photosynthetic and cell wall metabolisms in response to chilling
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major crops in the world and is highly sensitive to low temperature due to its tropical origin. Chilling may particularly affect maize during early seedling growth by altering physiological processes including photosynthesis and cell wall properties, leading to biomass reduction. Changes in photosynthetic and cell wall metabolisms were investigated during a long chilling exposure in a low-lignin maize mutant, brown midrib3 (bm3), which contains a null-mutation in the gene encoding caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT). Wild-type F2 plants and the near-isogenic F2 bm3 mutant were grown during 60 days with a day/night temperature regime of 15°C/11°C in a greenhouse. Photosynthetic pigments, non-structural sugars, cell wall sugars, lignin, cell wall bound hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) contents and phenylpropanoid pathway enzyme activities were determined when the 4th leaf had fully emerged. Results showed that the plants were smaller in response to chilling and this was more pronounced in the mutant. However, both genotypes showed good vigor. F2bm3 contained a two-fold increase in the level of chlorophyll a and accumulated zeaxanthin in response to chilling compared to F2, indicating an alternative photoprotection mechanism. Unlike the wild-type F2 line, the starch content was reduced in the F2bm3 mutant and the sucrose/starch partitioning was increased in F2bm3. Few changes in the non-cellulosic cell wall sugars composition could be detected, except a higher degree of substitution of glucuronoarabinoxylan and a higher content of β-glucan in both lines in response to chilling. The lignin content in leaves did not significantly change. But the concentration of HCAs was increased in F2bm3 while it decreased in F2. Furthermore, the concentration of esterified ferulic acid (FA) was greater in F2bm3, suggesting a higher degree of cross-linking between GAX and FA under chilling treatment. Thus, the increase in arabinose substitution on the xylan backbone and the abundance of HCA in F2bm3 could increase cell wall extensibility, thereby maintaining the hydration status of the cell wall in response to chilling. In addition, the higher concentrations of HCA and chlorophyll observed in F2bm3 suggest that HCAs could function as photoprotectors, thus enhancing chilling tolerance.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Catalina Duran Garzon) 13 Feb 2024
https://u-picardie.hal.science/hal-04454441v1
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[hal-03766083] Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Biomass Production and Composition Traits in Miscanthus sinensis Using a Staggered-Start Design
Traits for biomass production and composition make Miscanthus a promising bioenergy crop for different bioconversion routes. They need to be considered in miscanthus breeding programs as they are subjected to genetic and genetic x environment factors. The objective was to estimate the genetic parameters of an M. sinensis population grown during 4 years in two French locations. In each location, the experiment was established according to a staggered-start design in order to decompose the year effect into age and climate effects. Linear mixed models were used to estimate genetic variance, genotype x age, genotype x climate interaction variances, and residual variances. Individual plant broad-sense heritability means ranged from 0.42 to 0.62 for biomass production traits and were more heritable than biomass composition traits with means ranging from 0.26 to 0.47. Heritability increased through age for most of the biomass production and composition traits. Low genetic variance along with large genotype x age and genotype x climate interaction variances tended to decrease the heritability of biomass production traits for young plant ages. Most of the production traits showed large interaction variances for age and climate in both locations, while biomass composition traits highlighted large interaction variances due to climate in Orleans. The genetic and phenotypic correlations between biomass production and composition traits were positive, while hemicelluloses were negatively correlated with all traits. Selection is difficult on young plants as the heritability is too low. The joint improvement of biomass production and composition traits would help provide a better response of miscanthus to selection.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Raphaël Raverdy) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766083v1
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[hal-03766098] Miscanthus Sinensis is as Efficient as Miscanthus × Giganteus for Nitrogen Recycling in spite of Smaller Nitrogen Fluxes
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (J. Leroy) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766098v1
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[hal-03766151] Estimation of genetic parameters of a DH wheat population grown at different N stress levels characterized by probe genotypes
Low market prices and environmental concerns in Europe favor lower input wheat production systems. To efficiently breed for new varieties adapted to low input management while maintaining high yield levels, our objective was to characterize the heritability and its components for yield and nitrogen traits under different nitrogen levels. Two hundred and twenty-two doubled-haploid (DH) lines from the cross between Arche (tolerant) and Recital (sensitive) were tested in France at four locations in 2000, and three in 2001, under high (N+) and low (N-) nitrogen supplies. The response of yield to the environment of four probe genotypes, the parents and two controls, were tested and used as descriptors of these environments. Grain yield (GY), its components, and grain and straw nitrogen, called nitrogen traits, were studied. A factorial regression was performed to assess the sensitivity (slope) of the DH lines to nitrogen stress and their performance to low nitrogen supply. An index based on the nitrogen nutrition index at flowering of the probe genotype Recital was the best descriptor of the environment stress. Heritabilities of yield and nitrogen traits for both nitrogen supplies were always above 0.6. When nitrogen stress increased, heritabilities decreased and genotype x nitrogen interaction variances increased. The decrease in heritability was mainly explained by a decrease in genetic variance. Genetic variation for sensitivity to nitrogen stress and performance under low nitrogen supply were shown in the population. GY decreased from 278 to 760 g/m(2) per unit of nitrogen stress index increase and GY under moderate nitrogen stress varied from 340 to 613 g/m(2). Those contrasted reactions revealed specific lines to include in breeding programs for improving GY under low nitrogen supply.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anne Laperche) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766151v1
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[hal-03766153] Indirect versus Direct Selection of Winter Wheat for Low‐Input or High‐Input Levels
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766153v1
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[hal-03766106] Estimating the Genetic Parameters of Flowering Time-Related Traits in a Miscanthus sinensis Population Tested with a Staggered-Start Design
The cultivation of Miscanthus has attracted growing interest despite its yield instability. Therefore, understanding what causes such instability is of primary interest for breeding. Our objectives were to estimate the genetic parameters-genetic variance and genetic heritability-and genetic correlations for flowering time-related traits in a biparental Miscanthus sinensis diploid population, and divide the year effect into age and growing season effects using a staggered-start design. The population was established with single plants organized with this design and consisted of two genotype groups established twice in a same field, in 2014 and 2015, with a total of 159 genotypes and 82 common genotypes between the groups. Soil conditions being identical between both stands, the growing season conditions corresponded to climatic conditions. All plants were extensively phenotyped for different panicle and anther emergence traits in 2018 and 2019. All traits were delayed by 3 weeks in 2019 compared to 2018, which was explained by climatic conditions that occurred before the floral transition, mainly a 3 degrees C decrease in temperatures. When dividing the year effect, the genotype x growing season interaction was much higher than the genotype x age interaction. This increased the genotype x growing season interaction variance compared to the genotype x age interaction variance: the growing season effect decreased the genetic parameters for all flowering time-related traits, up to 20% for broad-sense heritability. Interestingly, most traits responded similarly to this effect. Therefore, M. sinensis breeding for flowering time must be conducted under contrasted climatic conditions to select more stable genotypes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Wei Hou) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766106v1
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[hal-03766088] Linkage Mapping of Biomass Production and Composition Traits in a Miscanthus sinensis Population
Breeding miscanthus for biomass production and composition is essential for targeting high-yielding genotypes suited to different end-uses. Our objective was to understand the genetic basis of these traits in M. sinensis, according to different plant ages and environmental conditions. A diploid population was established in two locations according to a staggered-start design, which distinguished the plant age effect from climatic condition effect. An integrated genetic map of 2602 SNP markers distributed across 19 LGs was aligned with the M. sinensis reference genome and spanned 2770 cM. The QTL mapping was based on best linear unbiased predictions estimated across three climatic conditions and at least three ages in both locations. A total of 260 and 283 QTL were related to biomass production and composition traits, respectively. In each location, 40-60% were related to biomass production traits and stable across different climatic conditions and ages and 30% to biomass composition traits. Twelve QTL clusters were established based on either biomass production or composition traits and validated by high genetic correlations between the traits. Sixty-two putative M. sinensis genes, related to the cell wall, were evidenced in the QTL clusters of biomass composition traits and orthologous to those of sorghum and maize. Twelve of them were differentially expressed and belonged to gene families related to the cell wall biosynthesis identified in other miscanthus studies. These stable QTL constitute new insights into marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding while offering a joint improvement of biomass production and composition traits.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Raphaël Raverdy) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766088v1
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[hal-03766104] QTL Detection for Flowering-Time Related Traits in Miscanthus sinensis Using a Staggered-Start Design
The perennial crop miscanthus is being exploited for energy and industrial end-uses. Our objective was to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for several flowering-time related traits in Miscanthus sinensis to enhance its breeding. A diploid population of 159 genotypes was extensively phenotyped for flowering-time related traits in 2018 and 2019, using a staggered-start design to distinguish the plant age effect from the climatic condition effect. This revealed that the climatic condition effect was more significant than the age effect. The best linear unbiased predictors of genotype (G), genotype x age interaction (G x A), and genotype x climatic condition interaction (G x C) effects were then estimated using two linear mixed models for each trait. For the anther appearance (AA) and the interval between heading and flowering (IHF), 25 QTLs were associated with genotype effects and 34 with interaction effects, accounting for 2.7 to 30.7% of the phenotypic variation. Regarding the QTLs detected for AA, the allelic effects varied with climatic condition. Interestingly, the QTL effects were smaller for G x A than for G x C. By decomposing the year effect into age and climatic condition effects, the staggered-start design improved QTL detection, which helped decipher the genetic determinism that corresponds to the interaction effects of genotype with age and climatic condition. Finally, a protein sequence alignment with known flowering-time related genes in maize and sorghum revealed the presence of two homologous genes potentially associated with flowering-time in miscanthus within the support interval positions of seven QTL clusters. This study enriched the genetic information on M. sinensis flowering-time and can provide a reference for subsequent genetic breeding.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Wei Hou) 31 Aug 2022
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03766104v1
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[hal-03517627] A Comparative Study of Maize and Miscanthus Regarding Cell-Wall Composition and Stem Anatomy for Conversion into Bioethanol and Polymer Composites
Due to an increasing demand for environmentally sustainable products, miscanthus and maize stover represent interesting lignocellulosic resources for conversion into biofuels and biomaterials. The overall purpose was to compare miscanthus and maize regarding cell-wall composition and stem anatomy for conversion into bioethanol and polymer composites using partial least squares regressions. For each of the two crops, six contrasted genotypes were cultivated in complete block design, and harvested. Internodes below the main cob for maize, and on the first aboveground internode for miscanthus, were analyzed for biochemistry and anatomy. Their digestibility was predicted using crop-specific near infrared calibrations, and the mechanical properties were evaluated in stem-based composites. On average, the internode cross-section of miscanthus anatomy was characterized by a thick rind (26.2 %) and few but dense pith-bundles (3.5 nb/mm²), while cell-wall constituted 95.2 % of the dry matter with high lignin (243.2 mg/g) and cellulose concentrations (439.7 mg/g). Maize internode-anatomy showed large cross-sections (397.5 mm²), pith with the presence of numerous bundles and non-lignified-pith fractions (22.3 % of the section). Its cellwall biochemistry displayed high concentrations of hemicelluloses, galactose, arabinose, xylose and ferulic acid. Cell-wall, lignin and cellulose concentrations were positively correlated with rind-fraction and pith-bundle-density, which explained strong mechanical properties as shown in miscanthus. Hemicelluloses, galactose, arabinose and ferulic acid concentrations were positively correlated with pith fraction and stem cross-section, revealing high digestibility as shown in maize. This underlines interesting traits for further comparative genetic studies, as maize represents a good model for digestibility and miscanthus for composites.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (M. Brancourt-Hulmel) 07 Jan 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03517627v1
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[hal-03517628] Variability of stem solidness among miscanthus genotypes and its role on mechanical properties of polypropylene composites
Miscanthus (Miscanthus Andersson) is a perennial grass that is attracting growing interest from the biomaterial industry. Our aim was to compare miscanthus genotypes varying in stem solidness, a measure of degree to which pith fills cavity between the outer walls of the stem, and analyze whether this trait influences the mechanical properties of polypropylene composites reinforced with miscanthus particles. Six contrasting genotypes were chosen from a Miscanthus sinensis population to determine morphological variables, stem solidness, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites including 30% of milled miscanthus particles of two sizes of 100 < × < 200 μm and 200 < × < 300 μm. Although aboveground biomass of miscanthus was closely related to the aboveground volume of the plant, namely stand volume, a few genotypes showed contrasting aboveground biomass production for similar stand volumes. This generated contrasting ratio between aboveground biomass and stand volume, namely plant-specific weights, for similar plant volumes. A principal component analysis showed that fully pith-filled stems, namely solid stems, were explained by a large stand volume and plant-specific weights as well as small stem cross-sections. Genotypes showing partially filled stems were taller with larger stem cross-sections but smaller plant-specific weights. They revealed high lignin and p-coumaric acid contents. Compared to neat-polypropylene, Young's modulus increased significantly by 139% and 134% and tensile strength by 39% and 36% for genotypes with partially filled stems compared to genotypes with fully pith-filled stems, respectively. This difference in reinforcing capacity was similar to that of two particle sizes (139% and 134% for Young's modulus, 41% and 34% for tensile strength, respectively). A good tensile strength was obtained with large cross-stem section, plant height and lignin and p-coumaric acid contents. It decreased with plant-specific weight, hemicellulose and ferulic acid contents. Wider morphological variations in other progenies or Miscanthus species should be explored further using the techniques reported here.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maryse Brancourt‐hulmel) 07 Jan 2022
https://hal.science/hal-03517628v1
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[hal-01604094] Genome-Wide association mapping of frost tolerance in Pisum sativum
Genome Wide Association Mapping was performed in pea. Accessions from the pea reference collection where phenotyped for frost in field and controlled conditions, and genotyped using Infinium®BeadChip 15K SNPs (Tayeh et al., 2015). After applying filters of quality control, we obtained 363 accessions and 10739 loci for GWA study. Association analyses were conducted with FaST-LMM software using a mixed model that included a relatedness kinship matrix (K) and a population structure matrix (Q) to control for false positives. The K matrix was generated using two approaches. In the first one, the kinship matrix was estimated with all the 10739 markers. In the second approach, we estimated the kinship, called “K-chr”, with all the markers other than those located on the same chromosome as the marker being tested (Rincent et al., 2014). Simulations revealed that Rincent’s approach was more powerful than the mixed model taking into account a general kinship (estimated for all chromosomes). The GWA study identified 8 loci distributed over different chromosomes comprising 61 SNPs significantly associated with frost tolerance. Results confirmed 3 QTLs that were previously mapped using bi-parental populations and identified 3 novel tolerance loci. Several potential-candidate genes were found corresponding to these SNPs. Additionally, the analyses allowed to identify haplotypes with increased frost tolerance and accessions with favourable alleles for this trait.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sana Beji) 03 Jun 2020
https://hal.science/hal-01604094v1
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[hal-02737028] Projets IVD INRA-AgriObtentions variétales pour les légumineuses à graines
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nathalie Moutier) 02 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02737028v1
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[hal-02737297] Sélection pour les associations blé-pois : les caractéristiques des variétés de pois en culture pure sont-elles prédictives de leur comportement en culture associé
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nathalie Moutier) 02 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02737297v1
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[hal-02620164] Regulation of carbon metabolism in two maize sister lines contrasted for chilling tolerance
Maize can grow in cool temperate climates but is often exposed to spring chilling temperatures that can affect early seedling growth. Here, we used two sister double-haploid lines displaying a contrasted tolerance to chilling to identify major determinants of long-term chilling tolerance. The chilling-sensitive (CS) and the chilling-tolerant (CT) lines were grown at 14°C day/10°C night for 60 days. CS displayed a strong reduction in growth and aerial biomass compared to CT. Photosynthesis efficiency was affected with an increase in energy dissipation in both lines. Chilling tolerance in CT was associated with higher chlorophyll content, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and sucrose-to-starch ratio. Few changes in cell wall composition were observed in both genotypes. There was no obvious correlation between nucleotide sugar content and cell wall polysaccharide composition. Our findings suggest that the central starch-sucrose metabolism is one major determinant of the response to low temperature, and its modulation accounts for the ability of chilling-tolerant plants to cope with low temperature. This modulation seemed to be linked to a strong alteration in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars which at a high level, could reflect the remobilization of carbon in response to chilling.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Catalina Duran Garzon) 25 May 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02620164v1
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[hal-02736839] Promising genotypes and alkaline pretreatments for methane production from miscanthus
Miscanthus has been studied and used for several energy vectors production such as bioethanol. For anaerobic digestion it presents a low methane potential but this potential can be improved either by genotype selection or pretreatment. Eight different miscanthus genotypes belonging to M. x giganteus, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis species were studied. In a second time, alkali pretreatments (NaOH 10g 100gTS-1, CaO 10g 100gTS-1) were applied in different operational conditions : temperature, time, solids content, particle size on Flo genotype. The methane potential varied between miscanthus genotypes with values ranging from 166 ± 10 NmLCH4 gVS-1 to 202 ± 7 NmLCH4 gVS-1. Regarding the pretreatments and operational conditions tested in this study, soda is more efficient than the lime. All of the studied pretreatments increased the kinetics and the methane production (from 17% to 121%).
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Hélène Thomas) 02 Jun 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02736839v1
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[hal-01989858] Projet SYSTEM-ECO4 : Evaluation de systèmes de grandes cultures à faible usage de pesticides
19 prototypes de systèmes de culture ont été testés sur quatre sites contrastés (Picardie, Bourgogne et deux sites dans la région de Toulouse). Ces systèmes de grandes cultures ont été conçus selon les principes de Protection Intégrée pour limiter l'usage des pesticides en général et des herbicides en particulier. Les combinaisons de leviers alternatifs ont permis de gérer durablement la flore adventice avec peu d'herbicides, et de baisser l'usage de l'ensemble des pesticides. Certains systèmes permettent de concilier faible IFT et bonne performance économique. Trois sites ont été instrumentés pour collecter des eaux de drainage et mesurer les transferts de substances actives. Ces dispositifs ont permis d'établir un lien entre les IFT cumulés et les quantités de substance transférées dans les eaux, à l'échelle d'un site et sur trois années de mesure, confirmant ainsi le lien entre l'usage de pesticides et leur impact. Les prototypes fondés sur le semis direct ont été décevants : ils ont nécessité beaucoup d'herbicides pour maîtriser les adventices, les quantités de substances actives transférées sous ces parcelles ont été importantes, et les performances économiques ont été moyennes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nicolas Munier-Jolain) 22 Jan 2019
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-01989858v1
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[hal-01607194] Bread wheat milling behavior: effects of genetic and environmental factors, and modeling using grain mechanical resistance traits
Genetic (Pinb-D1 alleles) and environment (through vitreousness) have important effects on bread wheat milling behavior. SKCS optimal values corresponding to soft vitreous or hard mealy grains were defined to obtain the highest total flour yield.Near-isogenic lines of bread wheat that differ in hardness, due to distinct puroindoline-b alleles (the wild type, Pinb-D1a, or the mutated forms, Pinb-D1b or Pinb-D1d), were grown in different environments and under two nitrogen fertilization levels, to study genetic and environmental effects on milling behavior. Milling tests used a prototype mill, equipped with two break steps, one sizing step, and two reduction steps, and this enabled 21 individual or aggregated milling fractions to be collected. Four current grain characters, thousand grain weight, test weight, grain diameter, and protein content, were measured, and three characters known to influence grain mechanical resistance, NIRS hardness, SKCS hardness index, and grain vitreousness (a character affecting the grain mechanical behavior but generally not studied). As expected, the wild type or mutated forms of Pinb-D1 alleles led to contrasted milling behavior: soft genotypes produced high quantities of break flour and low quantities of reduction flour, whereas reverse quantities were observed for hard genotypes. This different milling behavior had only a moderate influence on total flour production. NIRS hardness and vitreousness were, respectively, the most important and the second most important grain characters to explain milling behavior. However, contrary to NIRS hardness, vitreousness was only involved in endosperm reduction and not in the separation between the starchy endosperm and the outer layers. The highest flour yields were obtained for SKCS values comprised between 30 and 50, which corresponded either to soft vitreous or hard mealy grains. Prediction equations were defined and showed a good accuracy estimating break and reduction flours portions, but should be used more cautiously for total flour.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Francois-Xavier Oury) 30 Jul 2024
https://hal.science/hal-01607194v1
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[hal-01513561] Influence of the amount and position of cellulose in plant stems on the behavior of plant stem reinforced-polymer composites
Polymer composites prepared with a polymer matrix reinforced by elongated, broken fragments of plant stems can in some cases favorably compete with the same composite reinforced by glass fibers. However, the mechanical properties of the final composite are directly related to the properties of the stem fragments. Cellulose is the main polymer controlling the mechanical strength of these fragments. Two plants will be studied, miscanthus and sorghum. We will show that amount of cellulose in the stem fragments depends on the preparation methods of these fragments. We will report the correlations which exists between the amount of cellulose and its location within the different tissues of the stem and the mechanical properties of the final composite product.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lucie Chupin) 25 Apr 2017
https://minesparis-psl.hal.science/hal-01513561v1
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[hal-03125712] Combined metabolomic and proteomic profiling of maize leaf to reveal metabolic responses to cold temperatures
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maria Urrutia) 29 Jan 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03125712v1
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[hal-03107184] Maize metabolome and proteome responses to controlled cold stress partly mimic early‐sowing effects in the field and differ from those of Arabidopsis
In Northern Europe, sowing maize one-month earlier than current agricultural practices may lead to moderate chilling damage. However, studies of the metabolic responses to low, non-freezing, temperatures remain scarce. Here, genetically-diverse maize hybrids (Zea mays, dent inbred lines crossed with a flint inbred line) were cultivated in a growth chamber at optimal temperature and then three decreasing temperatures for two days each, as well as in the field. Leaf metabolomic and proteomic profiles were determined. In the growth chamber, 50% of metabolites and 18% of proteins changed between 20 and 16°C. These maize responses, partly differing from those of Arabidopsis to short-term chilling, were mapped on genome-wide metabolic maps. Several metabolites and proteins varied similarly for all temperature decreases: seven MS-based metabolite signatures and two proteins involved in photosynthesis decreased continuously. Several metabolites or proteins increasing in the growth-chamber chilling conditions showed similar trends in the early-sowing field experiment, including trans-aconitate, three hydroxycinnamate derivatives, a benzoxazinoid, a sucrose synthase, lethal leaf-spot 1 protein, an allene oxide synthase, several glutathione transferases and peroxidases. Hybrid groups based on field biomass were used to search for the metabolite or protein responses differentiating them in growth-chamber conditions, which could be of interest for breeding. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maria Urrutia) 22 Apr 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03107184v1
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[hal-02928007] Complementary approaches towards the discovery of genes controlling yield in pea
Pea is one of the most important grain legumes in the world. Improving pea yield is a critical breedingtarget in the current context of consumers’ increasing demand for plant proteins for food and feed. Becauseof its polygenic nature and the impact of the environment, breeding for higher yield is challenging. Weinvestigated the genetic determinism of yield (SW), seed number (SN) and thousand seed weight (TSW) usingboth linkage and linkage-disequilibrium approaches.Nine interconnected mapping populations, representing a total of 1,213 recombinant inbred lineswere phenotyped for SW, SN and TSW in six different field environments. These lines were genotyped usingthe GenoPea 13.2K SNP Array [1]. A multi-population quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis [2] identified 19 QTLfor SW, 18 QTL for SN and 36 QTL for TSW. From this first QTL analysis, a metaQTL analysis [3] detected 27metaQTL and reduced confidence intervals.In addition, two panels of conventional winter pea (376 accessions) and spring pea (300 accessions)were phenotyped for the same traits in seven different field environments. These accessions were genotypedby re-sequencing after exome capture [4]. A Genome Wide Association analysis [5] detected markerssignificantly associated with the 3 traits.The combination of these two genetic approaches highlighted common regions on the pea genomethat represent genomic regions consistently involved in controling yield and its components in pea. Theseresults represent an important step towards marker assisted breeding programs for yield improvement.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Anthony Klein) 02 Sep 2020
https://hal.science/hal-02928007v1
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[hal-03315907] Les limites de la comparaison « agriculture conventionnelle » versus « agriculture biologique » dans la définition de stratégies de sélection. Exemple des céréales à paille
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Antonin Le Campion) 06 Aug 2021
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03315907v1
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[hal-04305927] Low temperature triggers genome-wide hypermethylation of transposable elements and centromeres in maize
ABSTRACT Characterizing the molecular processes developed by plants to respond to environmental cues is a major task to better understand local adaptation. DNA methylation is a chromatin mark involved in the transcriptional silencing of transposable elements (TEs) and gene expression regulation. While the molecular bases of DNA methylation regulation are now well described, involvement of DNA methylation in plant response to environmental cues remains poorly characterized. Here, using the TE-rich maize genome and analyzing methylome response to prolonged cold at the chromosome and feature scales, we investigate how genomic architecture affects methylome response to stress in a cold-sensitive genotype. Interestingly, we show that cold stress induces a genome-wide methylation increase through the hypermethylation of TE sequences and centromeres. Our work highlights a cytosine context-specific response of TE methylation that depends on TE types, chromosomal location and proximity to genes. The patterns observed can be explained by the parallel transcriptional activation of multiple DNA methylation pathways that methylate TEs in the various chromatin locations where they reside. Our results open new insights into the possible role of genome-wide DNA methylation in phenotypic response to stress.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Zeineb Achour) 24 Nov 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04305927v1
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[hal-04353514] Genome-wide hypermethylation of TEs and centromeres following low temperature exposure in B73
Transposable elements (TEs) are major players in shaping genome structure. TE sequences are transcriptionally silenced by epigenomic modifications to limit the mutagenic potential of their transpositional activity. In particular, several DNA methylation pathways are responsible for TE silencing in the various chromosomal locations where TE reside. While DNA methylation is known to be modified by abiotic constraints, the extent to which it can be remodeled remains to be fully elucidated. We show that low temperature triggers genome-wide hypermethylation in maize, mainly at transposable elements and centromeres. This hypermethylation is mediated by the parallel activation of multiple methylation pathways across chromosomes, to actively hypermethylate TEs in the various chromatin locations where they reside. This likely reflects the importance of taming transposable elements following an abiotic stress in maize, a species for which over 85% of the genome is constituted of transposable elements.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Zeineb Achour) 19 Dec 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04353514v1
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[hal-04353481] Genome-wide hypermethylation of TEs following low temperature exposure in maize
Transposable elements (TEs) are major players in shaping genome structure. TE sequences are transcriptionally silenced by epigenomic modifications to limit the mutagenic potential of their transpositional activity. In particular, several DNA methylation pathways are responsible for TE silencing in the various chromosomal locations where TE reside. While DNA methylation is known to be modified by abiotic constraints, the extent to which it can be remodeled remains to be fully elucidated. We show that low temperature triggers genome-wide hypermethylation in maize, mainly at transposable elements and centromeres. This hypermethylation is mediated by the parallel activation of multiple methylation pathways across chromosomes, to actively hypermethylate TEs in the various chromatin locations where they reside. This likely reflects the importance of taming transposable elements following an abiotic stress in maize, a species for which over 85% of the genome is constituted of transposable elements.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Zeineb Achour) 19 Dec 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04353481v1
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[hal-02955226] Transcriptome analysis of a chilling tolerance strategy in European maize dent germplasm.
Maize has become an extensively cultivated crop in high latitudes like Northern Europe thanks to historical improvements of cold tolerance. However, earlier sowing increase the risk of exposure to longer chilling periods, affecting early growth and frequently plant performance and final yield. Understanding how maize responds to chilling periods is therefore a major task to both better understand maize local adaptation and improve agriculture. Here, we evaluated two sister double-haploid dent maize lines sharing 82% of their genome and displaying a contrasted tolerance to chilling. Using an Illumina stranded and paired-end mRNA-seq dataset from leaves of both sister lines grown under control and chilling conditions, we captured the allelic variation consequences at the transcript level. Clustering of differentially expressed gene profiles let us identify 574 genes differentially expressed, 513 and 61 being up- and down-expressed in the chilling-tolerant line compared to the chilling-sensitive line. We then explored how the variation in gene expression contributes to the variation in phenotypic traits. Genes associated with these traits were identified, paving the way for pinpointing candidate genes for chilling tolerance in future follow-up studies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Catalina Durand Garzon) 01 Oct 2020
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02955226v1
